…the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before…

…quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other…

…for every 10,000 apparently healthy newborn infants, around six will have critical CHD, and the pulse oximetry test will correctly identify five of these…

…unprepared for real world scenarios where ECG interpretation often makes a life altering difference. Dr. Araz Rawshani, a leading cardiovascular researcher at the University of…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

…of the normal P wave does not exceed 2.5 mm in any limb lead. Reference values for the P wave The negative deflection of…

…Use of the term PSVT is therefore not recommended. Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular…

…Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion of…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…bradycardia and tachycardia. Fridericia’s and Framingham formulas are often preferred in scenarios where a broader range of heart rates is encountered, as they may…

…segment elevation, immediate reperfusion assessment is required. Patients with NSTE ACS should be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non…

…of transmitting ECG tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However, most clinicians who encounter…

…generate vibrations in the surrounding air and these vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium…

…it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology. This is an example of how…

…meaning that the greater portion of the P wave is positive but the terminal portion is slightly negative (the vector generated by left atrial activation…