…During encounters with smokers, “very brief advice” can initiate discussion and promote referral to formal cessation support. More intensive, individualized counselling is more effective than…

…is routine in all Western countries. According to a Cochrane review, for every 10,000 apparently healthy newborn infants, around six will have critical CHD…

…common tachyarrhythmia observed across all age groups, from children to the elderly, and frequently occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. The arrhythmia is characterized by its…

…from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations than earlier generation assays. They can identify troponin concentrations in approximately 50–95% of healthy individuals, whereas sensitive…

…differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included very few real world examples of the conditions, or provided too few tests to result in…

…or cannot be advanced. An introducer for the atraumatic needle — it is too soft to pass through the skin on its own. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

…atrium encounters increased resistance (due to mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve regurgitation, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which enhances its contribution to the…

…arrhythmias. While a detailed understanding of these mechanisms is not essential for all clinicians, it is reasonable to acquire an understanding of the overarching concepts…

…often preferred over SBP for the following reasons: Indicator of Organ Perfusion : MAP is a more reliable indicator of blood flow to vital organs than…

…another approach used to account for heart rate variability. Hodges Formula: QTc = QT interval + 1.75 x [(60 / RR interval) − 60] For all formulas…

…ECG tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However, most clinicians who encounter patients with…

…the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others will transfer the mechanical (pressure) energy to the new medium…

…refractory period. This is explained by the changes in the refractoriness in the His Purkinje system related to changes in the RR interval. Figure 1…

…the left atrium encounters increased resistance (e.g due to mitral valve stenosis) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which amplifies its contribution to the P wave…