…ergospirometry (exercise stress testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based…

…none of the books reviewed include all these aspects. Most books lacked clinical management, key aspects of pathophysiology and discussions on differential diagnoses for each…

…adults the spinal cord ends at T12–L1, so these levels encounter only the roots of the cauda equina. If in doubt: choose a level…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

…of the normal P wave does not exceed 2.5 mm in any limb lead. Reference values for the P wave The negative deflection of…

…quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other…

…Use of the term PSVT is therefore not recommended. Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular…

…are dedicated to their diagnosis and management. The recommendations presented throughout this section align with the guidelines issued by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…