…catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly managed in GUCH clinics (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart…

…screening of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection…

…various conditions diagnosed using ECG) Epidemiology Clinical aspects ECG criteria/characteristics Electrophysiological explanations for ECG changes Differential diagnoses for ECG findings Concordance with guidelines (AHA…

…care programme for bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis — not even with a reduced…

…acoustic shadowing. Reverberations artifacts Ultrasound waves can be reflected multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion…

…enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy…

…in patients with established atherosclerotic disease. Readiness and behavioural context A brief, structured intervention should be used whenever smoking is identified. During encounters with smokers…

…However, in cases of rapid AVNRT or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output…

…is not physiologically justified . The latter criterion is important because rhythms that are physiologically justified should not be considered abnormal. For example, sinus bradycardia (a…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…interval is often corrected for heart rate, resulting in the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Several formulas exist to calculate QTc, each with its own characteristics…

…Evaluation and Physical Examination Patients with suspected ACS should undergo expedited emergency department assessment. The initial evaluation includes: Targeted medical history Physical examination Vital sign…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…of the P wave, PR interval and PR segment The P wave ECG interpretation usually starts with assessment of the P wave. The P wave…