…of survival. Neonatal screening with pulse oxymetry The majority of all congenital heart defects are detected early in infancy or childhood. For obvious reasons, more…

…Physiology (particularly cardiac electrophysiology) Pathophysiology (causes and mechanisms underlying various conditions diagnosed using ECG) Epidemiology Clinical aspects ECG criteria/characteristics Electrophysiological explanations for ECG changes…

…The Swedish clinical care programme for bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis — not even…

…times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce…

…Systematic screening of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves…

…enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy…

…and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers…

…or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output, such as pre syncope or syncope…

…to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion of the underlying mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias…

…encountered in the systemic circulation. Therefore, alterations in heart rate, stroke volume, or vascular tone can significantly impact MAP, reflecting the dynamic interplay between cardiac…

…ventricles take to de and repolarize. Abnormalities in the QT interval can cause serious arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. QT prolongation can precipitate torsades de…

…medicine Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from injured cardiomyocytes…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others…

…discussed, all cardiac cells—both conduction and contractile cells—must undergo rapid repolarization to ensure they are excitable when the next action potential occurs. If…

…If the left atrium encounters increased resistance (e.g due to mitral valve stenosis) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which amplifies its contribution to the P…