…score Calcium score in each coronary vessel Age , sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age…

…be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non diagnostic ECG, and normal initial troponin may be observed in a chest…

…of all congenital heart defects are detected early in infancy or childhood. For obvious reasons, more complex defects are typically diagnosed earlier. Defects resulting in…

…of oversimplification. Physicians, nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in…

…for bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis — not even with a reduced level of…

…both sides of the true reflector. If many side lobe artifacts are generated, they may appear as a continuous structure, as illustrated in Figure 5C…

…of the normal P wave does not exceed 2.5 mm in any limb lead. Reference values for the P wave The negative deflection of…

…remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain…

…one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise. This is illustrated in Figure 1 (study this figure carefully…

…Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion of…

…that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation. Therefore, alterations in heart rate…

…bradycardia and tachycardia. Fridericia’s and Framingham formulas are often preferred in scenarios where a broader range of heart rates is encountered, as they may…

…of transmitting ECG tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However, most clinicians who encounter…

…they generate vibrations in the surrounding air and these vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new…

…prolonged and then shortened. The initial prolongation increases the length of the refractory period and the subsequent early impulse will therefore encounter refractory fibers. Thus…

…If it is located near the atrioventricular node, activation of the atria will proceed in the opposite direction, which produces an inverted (retrograde) P wave…