…be used whenever smoking is identified. During encounters with smokers, “very brief advice” can initiate discussion and promote referral to formal cessation support. More intensive…

…According to the European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated…

…and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that claim to…

…For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

…enlargement is also referred to as P mitrale , and right atrial enlargement is often referred to as P pulmonale . The reasons for this are explained…

…have any clinical relevance and it may lead to misunderstanding. Use of the term PSVT is therefore not recommended. Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant…

…activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive electrophysiological methods which allow for detailed in vivo studies of arrhythmias. However…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…factor based on the difference between the heart rate and 60 beats per minute. It is another approach used to account for heart rate variability…

…with NSTE ACS should be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non diagnostic ECG, and normal initial troponin may be…

…most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be…

…the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others will transfer the mechanical (pressure) energy to the new medium…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…This is rather easy to understand because lead II is angled alongside the P wave vector, and the exploring electrode is located in front of…