…testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition…

…clinical management, key aspects of pathophysiology and discussions on differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included very few real world examples of the…

…Only clinical signs of herniation halt the puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…intravenous access, premedication, or special preparation. The most widely used quantification method is the Agatston score, which incorporates both the area and radiographic density of…

…for this are explained below. The normal P wave contour on ECG The normal P wave (Figure 1, upper panel) is typically smooth, symmetric and…

…also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged…

…have any clinical relevance and it may lead to misunderstanding. Use of the term PSVT is therefore not recommended. Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant…

…are dedicated to their diagnosis and management. The recommendations presented throughout this section align with the guidelines issued by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)…

…the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation. Therefore, alterations in heart rate, stroke volume, or vascular tone…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…with NSTE ACS should be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non diagnostic ECG, and normal initial troponin may be…

…most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be…

…generate vibrations in the surrounding air and these vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium…

…it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology. This is an example of how…

…wave changes in lead II and lead V1 ( Figure 3 ). Enlargement of the right atrium is commonly a consequence of increased resistance to empty blood…