…blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP readings…

…patients, especially when baseline blood pressure is not markedly elevated. These apparent J shaped associations are considered unreliable for guiding treatment because of potential confounding…

…from blood pressure reduction may also occur in selected people whose pressure is elevated but below the conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional diagnostic threshold of…

…Whether hypertension is genuinely present Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated…

…clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of…

…malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of…

…increase blood pressure; or An undiagnosed secondary cause of hypertension. White coat hypertension must be excluded with out of office measurements. Objective assessment of adherence…

…malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of…

…deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion…

…is an essential component of care. In adults with elevated blood pressure, nonpharmacological management should be actively implemented. Adults with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg…

…dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These…

…should therefore focus on: Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV…

…relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors…

…clinical spectrum ranges from hypertension without apparent organ injury to severe multisystem disease. Severe features include: Severe hypertension, defined as blood pressure ≥160/110 mmHg…

…directed at identifying individuals at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities…

…arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor therapy . Potential vasopressor agents include: Norepinephrine Phenylephrine Vasopressin Prioritize the collection of blood cultures…

…Therefore, in the presence of a tamponade, chest compressions have limited efficacy. Furthermore, administering large tidal volumes might inadvertently elevate intrathoracic pressures, additionally compromising venous…

…congestion even when the left sided filling pressure is normal or only slightly elevated. This combination—systemic venous hypertension with relatively modest left sided congestion…

…end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute hs cTn concentration rises. Early absolute changes…

…Acute regurgitation of blood into the left atrium results in sudden volume and pressure overload in the atrium, leading to increased LAP (left atrial pressure)…

…PASP is an independent predictor of survival and for elevated left ventricular filling pressures (Lam et al). PASP is elevated in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)…

…context of cardiac tamponade, increased pressure within the pericardial sac impedes venous return to the right atrium. Similarly, in tension pneumothorax, the elevated intrathoracic pressure…

…improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and lipid abnormalities. CAC should therefore…

…impaired renal function further increases blood pressure. Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation Oxidative stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and…

…the transvalvular resistance increases, making it more difficult to eject blood into the aorta. In the early stages of aortic stenosis, stroke volume becomes smaller…

…of extensive infarction is loss of contractile myocardium, with reduced cardiac output and systemic hypoperfusion. LV failure may produce elevated filling pressures, pulmonary venous hypertension…

…blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements or can do so only at the cost of elevated filling pressures. Congestion and elevated filling pressures…

…ejection of blood. The 2021 Universal Definition of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated…

…characterized by elevated biomarkers such as D dimer, von Willebrand factor, and increased thrombin generation. The clinical consequence of this triad is severe: cardioembolic strokes…

…and T) has been validated. The risk of interference with antibodies in the blood is higher for troponin I (cTnI). Antibody interference is a rare…

…death of myocytes) which can be detected by elevated levels of cardiac proteins in the blood. Diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction A diagnosis of…

…without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality of…

…may have higher statin blood levels; lower starting doses are therefore appropriate. Drug interactions are particularly important. Inhibition of cytochrome P 450 3A4 or 2C9…

…infarction: a diagnosis based on cardiac troponins A diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is made only after blood analyses confirm elevated levels of myocardial…

…agents to elevate myocardial oxygen demand (or simulate increased demand using vasodilatory agents). A radiotracer is administered at peak stress to capture blood flow distribution…

…disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…at the expense of pathologically elevated filling pressures. Epidemiology and risk factors HFpEF has reached epidemic proportions, now accounting for over 50% of all incident…

…elevated risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of…

…elevated risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of…

…of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension…

…risk. Left Atrial Diameter (LA) : Enlargement of the left atrium is a marker of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes…

…A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable…

…or CABG. While the procedure itself provides the clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes…

…Applications Natriuretic peptides have three principal roles: Supporting or excluding the diagnosis of HF Estimating disease severity and prognosis Contributing to longitudinal assessment and risk…

…is elevated in approximately one in five individuals. Pathophysiology Lp(a) is associated with several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific…

…than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter…

…laboratory medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia…

…also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states…

…may be elevated but the elevation is typically discrete and not on a par with the degree of left ventricular impairment. Pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy…

…be administered with or without food. For patients who cannot swallow the tablets whole, they can be crushed, mixed in half a glass of water…

…greatest incremental value occurs when triglycerides are elevated, LDL C is very low, or cardiometabolic abnormalities make LDL C an incomplete representation of atherogenic burden…

…an elevated cardiac troponin concentration and new ST segment depression in new onset AF should not automatically be labelled type 2 myocardial infarction without further…

…mortality rate among patients with elevated troponin I was 51.2%, as compared with 4.5% among patients without evidence of myocardial injury (normal troponin…

…and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around…

…adults aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL C between 70 and 189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD…

…I, V5, and V6 (though a narrow Q wave may exist in aVL without myocardial pathology) [3] Absence of Q waves in I, V5, and…

…evidence of ischaemia; an elevated and dynamically changing troponin concentration without evidence of ischaemia should instead be classified as acute myocardial injury. Mechanisms of troponin…

…level of the PR segment. ST segment elevation implies that the ST segment is elevated above the level of the PR segment. The magnitude of…

…the intervention. Diagnostic criteria General principles For events occurring within 48 hours of the index procedure, diagnosis requires both: A defined postprocedural troponin rise, with…

…presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or chest discomfort Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate Pericardial effusion Pericardial pain is…