…most frequent source of EMI, although radiofrequency procedures, nerve stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on…

…Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach threshold and evoke an action potential. The intensity of the electrical stimulus is described…

…K + [potassium] and Ca 2+ [calcium]) flow back and forth across the cell membrane. Because ions are electrically charged, their movement generates an electrical current…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…the P wave is a requirement for establishing a diagnosis of sinus tachycardia. On the contrary to many paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g AVNRT, AV

…on surface ECG. Oversensing may also occur when electrical events in one chamber is sensed by the lead in the other chamber, resulting in inappropriate…

…at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope (e.g during intense emotional stress) During vagal maneuvers (Valsalva maneuver, carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation). It is common…

…the AV node and the His Purkinje system, which transmit electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. Conduction through the AV node is intentionally…

…negative T waves in V1 through V4. PVCs and ventricular tachycardia can be provoked by physical any adrenergic stimulation, e.g physical activity. Figure 1…

…region. Duration above the threshold or unknown: at least three weeks of adequate anticoagulation before cardioversion — an INR ≥ 2.0 checked weekly on warfarin, or…