…resistance in the lead tip, the smaller the current used. Software settings The pacemaker software includes pre programmed algorithms and settings, which can be tailored…

…following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the pacemaker stimulations do not result in myocardial activation. Failure to pace (FTP) …

…and ventricular myocardium. Propagation of the action potential is possible because all cardiac cells are electrically interconnected by gap junctions (Figure 1) . Gap junctions are…

…cells and ultimately depolarize all connected myocardium. This is the main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells…

…because it justifies their symptoms (treatment alternatives are discussed below). ECG in sinus tachycardia Sinus tachycardia fulfills all criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart…

…with implanting a permanent pacemaker and continuing the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or cause bradycardia (e…

…and the ventricles are electrically disconnected. This condition is referred to as AV dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to exhibit any electrical—and consequently mechanical…

…genes encoding desmosomal proteins . The desmosome is a component of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in…

…off. The defibrillator finds no stable R wave, and in sync mode no shock at all is then delivered while the patient deteriorates. Indications Emergency…

…of the normal heart axis. Figure 1. The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis). As evident from the figure, the normal heart axis is…