Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…are lower or otherwise modified in some populations. Cardiometabolic mechanisms Visceral and ectopic fat are particularly relevant to cardiovascular risk. Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic…

…capable of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act as latent pacemakers (which become active when atrial impulses do not reach…

…response. The ECG in ectopic atrial rhythm and atrial tachycardia A regular rhythm with P waves that differ in contour from sinus P waves. If…

…atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex) A premature atrial contraction is produced by an impulse discharged from an ectopic focus located anywhere in the atria…

…energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by vagal manoeuvres, adenosine or rate controlling drugs…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and…

…causing aberrant ventricular conduction. A premature atrial beat is simply an extra (unexpected) beat discharged by an ectopic focus in the atria. The impulse from…

…AVRT (Pre excitation, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome) and ectopic atrial tachycardia have traditionally been referred to as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias , because these tachyarrhythmias originate in…

…Ventricular premature complexes are not preceded by P waves because the ectopic impulse originates in the ventricles and does not influence the atria (with exceptions…

…or any other ectopic focus) are referred to as escape beats. Three or more consecutive beats from a latent pacemaker (or other ectopic focus) are…

…AV re entrant tachycardia (AVRT) Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia (JET) VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS Ventricular tachycardia Fascicular tachycardia FREQUENT ECTOPY Premature ventricular contractions…

…thus pumping) activity at all, an escape rhythm must arise in an ectopic focus (located distal to the block). Third degree AV block is a…

…seconds). The QRS complex is wide simply because the ectopic impulses that cause these rhythms spread partially or entirely outside of the ventricular conduction system…

…diagnose clinical obesity and assess cardiovascular risk. 4 Furthermore, ectopic fat accumulation, such as intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), is independently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction…

…P wave in sinus rhythm. However, an ectopic focus may be located anywhere. If it is located near the atrioventricular node, activation of the atria…

…the ventricles to exhibit any electrical—and consequently mechanical—activity, an escape rhythm must originate from an ectopic focus located distal to the block. Thir