Echocardiography Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC, ARVD) Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is considered a genetic cardiomyopathy that predominantly affects the right ventricle. ARVC…

…may also lead to obstruction of the LVOT (Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy, HOCM). Dilated cardiomyopathy (Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM) . Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD) Restrictive…

…Carcinoid heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic…

…supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment…

…by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in coronary blood…

…causes immense strain on the ventricular myocardium, simultaneously as the cause of the arrhythmia already affects cellular function. This results in electrical instability which explains…

…roughly ten times as often as women, and men also display the highest risk of experiencing malign ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome is hereditary with an…

…valves. Table 1 presents common causes of pulmonic stenosis. Table 1. Causes of pulmonic stenosis. Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the great arteries) Dysplastic, bicuspid…

…neck pain, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, ataxia Posterior circulation stroke Unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus Ménière's disease, vestibular schwannoma, labyrinthitis Continuous vertigo that does not…

…cell dyscrasia in which abnormal plasma cells produce misfolded immunoglobulin light chains [8, 19]. Light chains are directly toxic to cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of…