…a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage…

…pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the underlying etiology…

…a vasopressor and early source control. Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment must therefore proceed in parallel and must not wait for complete…

…characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury …

…by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and…

…circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic conditions. Treatment must be guided by the clinical response and…

…MAP is often estimated using the formula: MAP ≈ Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) + 1/3 × (Systolic Blood Pressure [SBP] – DBP) This formula accounts for the longer…

…the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute, when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without…

…patients. Frailty is characterized by reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes. It is dynamic and may improve or worsen with illness, treatment…

…persistently mildly reduced systolic function. This dynamic nature makes prior imaging particularly important when interpreting a current LVEF of 41–49%. Diagnostic phenotype Criterion HFmrEF…