…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…benefits of cessation The principal benefits relevant to clinical cardiology include: Clinical setting or outcome Reported benefit of cessation Cardiovascular disease overall Substantial reduction in…

…90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] . Concurrently, the atrial myocardium undergoes structural remodeling driven by…

…particularly in women. For European populations, waist circumference above 94 cm in men or 80 cm in women is considered indicative of obesity or excess…

…of increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of…

…Unipolar vs. bipolar pacing Pacemakers can utilize either a unipolar or bipolar mode of pacing (Figure 3). In bipolar pacing, the voltage difference is established…

…occurs in diastole or the decompression phase during CPR). High aortic pressure and low right atrial pressure favor coronary blood flow. A CPP of approximately…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis across the septum…

…programming. The simplest pacemaker systems consist of a pulse generator and one lead, which is located either in the right atrium or the right ventricle…

…particularly in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart…

…particularly in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart…

…and Symptoms In up to one half of STEMI cases, a precipitating factor such as vigorous physical exercise, emotional stress, or a medical or surgical…

…months , irrespective of stent type. The preferred regimen is aspirin plus a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, usually prasugrel or ticagrelor. In patients undergoing PCI for ACS…

…failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though abnormal cardiac troponin (cTn) values in the setting of acute or chronic heart failure…

…stabilized or slightly declined over the past two decades, the incidence of HFpEF continues to rise steeply [6] . This epidemiological shift is primarily driven by…

…and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn), with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in the…

…Therapies : Consideration of endomyocardial biopsy or anti inflammatory therapies may be warranted in specific clinical contexts [4]. Reduction of Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone is…

…bidirectional. AF with a rapid ventricular response may precipitate or aggravate haemodynamic decompensation, whereas acute illness and increased sympathetic drive may promote AF. In DHF…

…aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it…

…in stent disease is driven predominantly by tissue accumulation within the stented segment rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of…

…or to identify the precise location of excess adiposity. 2 Clinical guidelines now emphasize that a BMI within the conventional "normal" range (up to 25…

…diffuse microvascular dysfunction, or flow limiting epicardial stenoses), is the predominant cause, accounting for approximately 60% of HFrEF cases in Western populations [14] . Non ischemic…

…vascular territory involved and may include manifestations of coronary, cerebral or peripheral arterial disease, although the source material does not specify symptom patterns in detail…

…annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary…