…heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit is greater still when reductions in…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as…

…complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death …

…90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] . Concurrently, the atrial myocardium undergoes structural remodeling driven by…

…diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension…

…2 . ATP concentration in the myocardium during induced ventricular fibrillation (VF). Figure 3 . Association between time to CPR and likelihood of successful defibrillation. Figure 4…

…Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive…

…Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) : The pressure that drives blood flow…

…Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis across the septum…