…complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death …

…falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit is greater still when reductions in non cardiovascular morbidity and…

…90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] . Concurrently, the atrial myocardium undergoes structural remodeling driven by…

…diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension…

…2 . ATP concentration in the myocardium during induced ventricular fibrillation (VF). Figure 3 . Association between time to CPR and likelihood of successful defibrillation. Figure 4…

…Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive…

…Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) : The pressure that drives blood flow…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis across the septum…

…of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with algorithms that optimize the function. For example, there are functions that continuously reassess stimulation threshold in…

…particularly in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart…

…particularly in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart…

…Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as…

…surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether…

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type…

…thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations, plaque rupture typically occurs in thin cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs)…

…approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of triggers, and reduction of sympathetic drive [4]. Rhythm Stabilization In addition to defibrillation , several pharmacological and interventional alternatives…

…response may precipitate or aggravate haemodynamic decompensation, whereas acute illness and increased sympathetic drive may promote AF. In DHF, ventricular rate may decrease as dyspnoea…

…and potentially aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure…

…in stent disease is driven predominantly by tissue accumulation within the stented segment rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of…

…cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture these specific pathological drivers. 5 Physiological Mechanisms of Cardioprotection: Direct vs. Weight Mediated The profound…

…profile in incident HFrEF. Historically dominated by acute myocardial infarction (MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of…

…consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). FH results from pathogenic variants affecting proteins in the hepatic LDL…

…or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary…