…formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural…

…Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine…

…90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] . Concurrently, the atrial myocardium undergoes structural remodeling driven by…

…both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders…

…to optimize the effectiveness of CPR. Yet, there are fundamental gaps in knowledge, with some of the most critical components of current guidelines being based…

…that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an action potential that will spread through the myocardium. Components of an artificial…

…Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) : The pressure that drives blood flow…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…nasal speculum and otoscope specula in several sizes. Alligator forceps, bayonet forceps, an angled hook, a cerumen loop. Suction with Frazier tips of various sizes…

…record signals with an amplitude range of 1.5 to 5 mV, and frequency 80 to 100 Hz. The ventricular lead records signals in the…

…LVEF). The majority of all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus…

…LVEF). The majority of all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus…

…Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as…

…A duration of 6 months after ACS is generally considered too short for routine use, but it may be considered in selected patients with a…

…wall with accumulation of blood within the false lumen, which compresses the true lumen to varying degrees; this non atherosclerotic condition may occur especially in…

…with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of…

…or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn), with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in the appropriate…

…of Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone is a pivotal therapeutic target [4]: Beta Blockers : Administered to reduce adrenergic stimulation [4]. Sedation and Intubation : Along with…

…infarction may indicate an increased long term risk of stroke. In patients with acute decompensated heart failure, AF with rapid ventricular response is particularly important…

…for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity…

…in stent disease is driven predominantly by tissue accumulation within the stented segment rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of…

…to capture these specific pathological drivers. 5 Physiological Mechanisms of Cardioprotection: Direct vs. Weight Mediated The profound cardiovascular benefits observed with incretin based therapies cannot…

…profile in incident HFrEF. Historically dominated by acute myocardial infarction (MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of…

…surface availability of hepatic LDL receptors. Rare biallelic variants in LDLRAP1, which impair LDL receptor endocytosis and produce an FH like phenotype. Individuals with a…

…with a rise in left atrial and pulmonary pressures that contributes to exertional breathlessness and reduced exercise capacity. Multiorgan and comorbidity driven disease HFpEF is…