…formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural…

…Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine…

…and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of…

…with HFpEF can have pathophysiological characteristics that differ from those of non obese patients, and obesity complicates assessment of intravascular volume in both ambulatory and…

…gaps in knowledge, with some of the most critical components of current guidelines being based on observational data ( e.g compression rate and depth). With…

…that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an action potential that will spread through the myocardium. Components of an artificial…

…of synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock synchronized to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias with…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…nasal speculum and otoscope specula in several sizes. Alligator forceps, bayonet forceps, an angled hook, a cerumen loop. Suction with Frazier tips of various sizes…

…record signals with an amplitude range of 1.5 to 5 mV, and frequency 80 to 100 Hz. The ventricular lead records signals in the…

…LVEF). The majority of all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus…

…LVEF). The majority of all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus…

…proportion of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other…

…particularly strong after ACS and coronary stent implantation. ACS is associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after…

…cTn) values in the setting of acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type…

…with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of…

…rise and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn), with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in…

…of Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone is a pivotal therapeutic target [4]: Beta Blockers : Administered to reduce adrenergic stimulation [4]. Sedation and Intubation : Along with…

…and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of…

…time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged…

…diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES have reduced restenosis compared with BMS, and newer generation DES…

…with coronary microvascular dysfunction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture these specific pathological drivers. 5 Physiological Mechanisms of…

…mutations in LMNA , MYH7 , and TNNT2 [39] . Consequently, current guidelines recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of genetic testing for all patients with…

…in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD; CAD and aortic stenosis may occur before the age of 20 years, with…

…peptides. HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is defined by symptoms and/or signs of HF with LVEF 41–49%. In this group, structural…