…collectively dictate the urgency and modality of intervention [3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a…

…likelihood of successful defibrillation is high in coarse VF (the early phase), but diminishes rapidly as the waveform becomes finer (Figures 2, 3 and 4…

…Figure 1). Unipolar vs. bipolar pacing Pacemakers can utilize either a unipolar or bipolar mode of pacing (Figure 3). In bipolar pacing, the voltage difference…

…a cerumen loop. Suction with Frazier tips of various sizes. A balloon catheter (a 5–6 Fr Fogarty or a Katz extractor). A local anaesthetic…

…true, incident HFpEF [3] . Hemodynamically, the gold standard definition of HFpEF relies on the demonstration of spontaneous or provokable elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures…

…cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture these specific pathological drivers. 5 Physiological Mechanisms of Cardioprotection: Direct vs. Weight Mediated The profound…

…collagen of the cap, leading to structural failure. Rupture exposes highly thrombogenic subendothelial matrix components, notably tissue factor and collagen, to the circulating blood [3…

…90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] . Concurrently, the atrial myocardium undergoes structural remodeling driven by…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…

…meta analysis, 3 month DAPT, but not 6 month DAPT, was associated with higher rates of myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis in ACS patients. Extension…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal benefits relevant…

…diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension…

…has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac death) : Death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of tissue perfusion…

…programming. The simplest pacemaker systems consist of a pulse generator and one lead, which is located either in the right atrium or the right ventricle…

…all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus, our current knowledge of…

…all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus, our current knowledge of…

…and crushing, though it may occasionally be reported as stabbing or burning. It resembles the discomfort of angina pectoris but typically occurs at rest, is…

…may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though abnormal cardiac troponin (cTn) values in the setting of acute or chronic heart failure are…

…support [4]. Advanced Therapies : Consideration of endomyocardial biopsy or anti inflammatory therapies may be warranted in specific clinical contexts [4]. Reduction of Sympathetic Drive Modulating…

…newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF and acute deterioration is often…

…aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it…

…disease is driven predominantly by tissue accumulation within the stented segment rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of ISR is…

…phenotype is driven principally by lifelong LDL C elevation and may be discovered through: Routine lipid testing showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature…

…left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may develop through papillary muscle displacement, annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also…