…the "VASc" nomenclature but clarify that female sex functions as a "risk modifier" rather than a primary driver of anticoagulation decisions [1] . In both paradigms…

…complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not…

…formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural…

…mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice…

…increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of CPR…

…must be minimized, most pacemakers use lead tips with high resistance (400 to 1200 Ω). The higher the resistance in the lead tip, the smaller…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…bidirectional. AF with a rapid ventricular response may precipitate or aggravate haemodynamic decompensation, whereas acute illness and increased sympathetic drive may promote AF. In DHF…

…it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line…

…with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature DAPT interruption is described as the strongest predictor of stent thrombosis in…

…surface and have substantially reduced this process compared with BMS. Neoatherosclerosis Neoatherosclerosis is a later pathological process in which lipid laden foamy macrophages accumulate within…

…time, circadian variations have been reported, with clusters occurring in the morning within a few hours of awakening. Pain is the most common presenting complaint…

…relief of triggers, and reduction of sympathetic drive [4]. Rhythm Stabilization In addition to defibrillation , several pharmacological and interventional alternatives exist to stabilize the cardiac…

…wall with accumulation of blood within the false lumen, which compresses the true lumen to varying degrees; this non atherosclerotic condition may occur especially in…

…Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction are primary drivers, HFpEF is more frequently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction, though epicardial coronary…

…heart failure with mid range ejection fraction) are relatively new entities and there are currently no effective treatments that modify the natural course in these…

…heart failure with mid range ejection fraction) are relatively new entities and there are currently no effective treatments that modify the natural course in these…

…break through the intimal layer, provoking localized thrombosis. This is predominantly observed in older patients with heavily calcified, tortuous vessels [2] . Regardless of the initiating…

…hours. Never irrigate and never instil fluid onto a battery — the moisture drives the reaction. The battery must come out immediately, with a hook, forceps…

…Rare biallelic variants in LDLRAP1, which impair LDL receptor endocytosis and produce an FH like phenotype. Individuals with a single pathogenic variant have heterozygous FH…

…with a rise in left atrial and pulmonary pressures that contributes to exertional breathlessness and reduced exercise capacity. Multiorgan and comorbidity driven disease HFpEF is…

…starting with glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP 1 RAs) and evolving into multi receptor agonists, has unleashed a new paradigm in cardiometabolic medicine…

…shifting demographic profile in incident HFrEF. Historically dominated by acute myocardial infarction (MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global…

…ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) : The pressure that drives blood flow through the coronary arteries…