…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not…

…formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural…

…and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In…

…number of experimental and observational studies have been conducted to optimize the effectiveness of CPR. Yet, there are fundamental gaps in knowledge, with some of…

…record signals with an amplitude range of 1.5 to 5 mV, and frequency 80 to 100 Hz. The ventricular lead records signals in the…

…Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other cytokines. Within the intima…

…e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an action potential that will spread through…

…bidirectional. AF with a rapid ventricular response may precipitate or aggravate haemodynamic decompensation, whereas acute illness and increased sympathetic drive may promote AF. In DHF…

…despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot…

…anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization. After elective PCI…

…in negative remodelling and reparative arterial constriction. A stent provides a rigid scaffold that limits adventitial recoil and constriction; consequently, in stent disease is driven…

…is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations, with or without…

…Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone is a pivotal therapeutic target [4]: Beta Blockers : Administered to reduce adrenergic stimulation [4]. Sedation and Intubation : Along with anxiolytics…

…cTn) values in the setting of acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type…

…Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the…

…LVEF). The majority of all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus…

…LVEF). The majority of all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies have been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus…

…rise and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn), with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in…

…in the other nostril, in the ears and in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently. Clear mucus with suction…

…hypercholesterolaemia Many individuals with HeFH are asymptomatic until ASCVD develops. The clinical phenotype is driven principally by lifelong LDL C elevation and may be discovered…

…with a rise in left atrial and pulmonary pressures that contributes to exertional breathlessness and reduced exercise capacity. Multiorgan and comorbidity driven disease HFpEF is…

…IMAT), is independently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture these specific pathological drivers…

…mutations in LMNA , MYH7 , and TNNT2 [39] . Consequently, current guidelines recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of genetic testing for all patients with…

…as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse…