Articles & courses

Articles
Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…is not a diagnostic requirement. Hallucinations, usually visual, disturbed sleep rhythm, anxiety, fear and delusions are common but not obligatory. Psychomotor subtypes Subtype Typical picture…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked impulses lead to arrhythmias that characterize sinus node dysfunction. The conditions encircled by the term…

Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…and fibrin rich thrombus. Lesions preferentially occur at arterial branch points, where disturbed flow, altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical…

Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders as Future Cardiovascular Risk

…uteroplacental ischaemia, an exaggerated maternal inflammatory response, and disturbed angiogenic signalling. A central biochemical feature is an imbalance between antiangiogenic and angiogenic factors. Placental production…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or…

Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Management

…In CKD, additional mechanisms include vascular stiffness and accelerated medial calcification related to disturbed calcium–phosphate metabolism. Patients with advanced CKD are particularly vulnerable to…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…and degradation influences plaque architecture and mechanical stability. Atherosclerotic lesions commonly arise at sites of disturbed flow, including branch points in the epicardial coronary arteries…

Relaxation of the left ventricle

…desynchronization of contraction. Importantly, the desynchronization of myocardial activation results in disturbed ventricular relaxation. Desynchronization of myocardial activation causes impaired ventricular relaxation. Impaired relaxation causes…

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