…and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The…

…recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients…

…strong suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins after one to three days but can start earlier in patients…

…need investigation on the basis of an isolated, asymptomatic low sensor reading alone. Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due to sympathetic activation: sweating…

…of oversensing is referred to as pacemaker crosstalk . Oversensing may also occur when the ventricular lead interprets the T wave as an R wave. In…

…4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis…

…Abnormal Abnormal A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃…

…left lateral decubitus position. This affects images obtained in apical windows (refer to Standard Transthoracic Echocardiogram: Complete Imaging Protocol). Nevertheless, there are obvious benefits of…

…torsade de pointes reported to the FDA in postmarketing studies. Anti androgen Cancer (Prostate) Abiraterone is an antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer…

…Rupture of chordae tendineae. Acute regurgitation of blood into the left atrium results in sudden volume and pressure overload in the atrium, leading to increased…

…by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation…

…of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment decision. Population to…

…conduction disorders frequently present with presyncope or syncope. Diagnosing transient or paroxysmal AV block in these individuals can be challenging. A high suspicion of intermittent…

…syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading…

…years of age. Hypertension related left ventricular hypertrophy, concentric remodelling, reduced longitudinal strain and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are more frequent in women…

…disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the trapezius ridge is not seen in STEMI and suggests pericarditis instead. Pain is not uniformly present. The proportion of…

…binding to plasma albumin, but the therapeutic effect remains unchanged. Sulfonylureas: Salicylates may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas, possibly due to reduced binding to…

…identified as the cause of disease, although the yield varies by cohort. A causative variant is more likely to be found in a young patient…

…of ventricular arrhythmias is due to the vulnerability caused by marked local differences in repolarization. This article is part of the comprehensive chapter: How to…

…it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively common. Patients presumed to have resistant hypertension should…

…highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded. However, advances in molecular diagnostics…

…pointes), ventricular fibrillation arrests and moderate left ventricular dysfunction. This patient died at age 17 years due to complications related to his arrhythmia. His father…

…two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature atherosclerosis is particularly strong in…

…In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and…

…disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in…

…depolarized during the end of the QRS complex. Due to this it is sometimes recommended that ST segment deviation be measured in the J 60…

…there is a risk of developing tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. In pediatric populations, a distinct form of atrial tachycardia may occur due to embryological remnants within…

…is attempted. Sudden cardiac death is defined as an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person…

…idioventricular rhythm is primarily seen after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders…

…cause of the arrhythmia already affects cellular function. This results in electrical instability which explains why ventricular tachycardia may progress to ventricular fibrillation. Left untreated…

…This discrepancy reflects, at least in part, the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single…

…The central pathophysiological concern in the emergency department is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin…

…more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules…

…according to the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients…

…per hour for a total of 4 6 mEq/L in 24 hours may be targeted. Chronic Hyponatremia ( 48 hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations…

…ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (electrolyte disorder) The normal cardiac action potential may be altered by electrolyte imbalance, owing to changes in intra and…

…those in Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium…

…Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the…

…sedentary behaviour and loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention…

…30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli. The underlying pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic…

…hypertension Group 2: PH due to left heart disease Group 3: PH due to chronic lung disease, hypoxia, or sleep disordered breathing Group 4: Chronic…

…results from pathogenic variants affecting proteins in the hepatic LDL receptor pathway. Reduced cellular uptake and clearance of LDL leads to increased circulating LDL C…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…ischemia Deterioration in ventricular function Hemodynamic instability Periprocedural myocardial infarction Cardiogenic shock Cardiac arrest The severity may be disproportionate to the angiographic appearance of the…

…CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar proteins in the myocardium, leading to a diffuse infiltrative cardiomyopathy [8…

…hypertrophy, it may still be normal when compared to reference values. Figure 1. Types of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular volume is reduced in conc

…of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to…

…a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In…

…to these articles. ECG examples of each condition are presented below. The ECG in Brugada syndrome Brugada syndrome is a rare channelopathy (an electrical disorder…

…mortality due to stopping statins. There are three main questions discussed in media, blogs and on social plattforms: Is high cholesterol a true cause of…

…follow up and appropriate therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is high, and assessment for advanced therapies…