…and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The…

…of oversensing is referred to as pacemaker crosstalk . Oversensing may also occur when the ventricular lead interprets the T wave as an R wave. In…

…4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis…

…Abnormal Abnormal A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃…

…possible due to the small distance between the heart and the ultrasound transducer, and because less air filled lung tissue covers the heart. In adults…

…torsade de pointes reported to the FDA in postmarketing studies. Anti androgen Cancer (Prostate) Abiraterone is an antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer…

…typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan…

…by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation…

…of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment decision. Population to…

…conduction disorders frequently present with presyncope or syncope. Diagnosing transient or paroxysmal AV block in these individuals can be challenging. A high suspicion of intermittent…

…syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading…

…heart failure and one in five for stroke. Sex and gender are distinct but interacting determinants of cardiovascular health. Sex refers principally to biological characteristics…

…contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction…

…binding to plasma albumin, but the therapeutic effect remains unchanged. Sulfonylureas: Salicylates may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas, possibly due to reduced binding to…

…identified as the cause of disease, although the yield varies by cohort. A causative variant is more likely to be found in a young patient…

…of ventricular arrhythmias is due to the vulnerability caused by marked local differences in repolarization. This article is part of the comprehensive chapter: How to…

…vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of…

…highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded. However, advances in molecular diagnostics…

…17 years due to complications related to his arrhythmia. His father and uncle, with similar ST segment changes, were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation in their…

…two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature atherosclerosis is particularly strong in…

…In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and…

…disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in…

…depolarized during the end of the QRS complex. Due to this it is sometimes recommended that ST segment deviation be measured in the J 60…

…there is a risk of developing tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. In pediatric populations, a distinct form of atrial tachycardia may occur due to embryological remnants within…

…is attempted. Sudden cardiac death is defined as an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person…

…effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100 beats per minute) is on a par with the rate in sinus…

…emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re entry or triggered activity. All types of myocardial cells may be engaged in initiation and maintenance of this…

…This discrepancy reflects, at least in part, the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single…

…The central pathophysiological concern in the emergency department is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin…

…recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients…

…more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules…

…according to the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients…

…per hour for a total of 4 6 mEq/L in 24 hours may be targeted. Chronic Hyponatremia ( 48 hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations…

…ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (electrolyte disorder) The normal cardiac action potential may be altered by electrolyte imbalance, owing to changes in intra and…

…those in Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium…

…Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the…

…Tissue loss, ulcers and gangrene may develop. In patients with CLTI, early recognition and referral to a vascular team are essential for limb salvage. Acu

…30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli. The underlying pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic…

…and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease…

…results from pathogenic variants affecting proteins in the hepatic LDL receptor pathway. Reduced cellular uptake and clearance of LDL leads to increased circulating LDL C…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…ischemia Deterioration in ventricular function Hemodynamic instability Periprocedural myocardial infarction Cardiogenic shock Cardiac arrest The severity may be disproportionate to the angiographic appearance of the…

…strong suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins after one to three days but can start earlier in patients…

…CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar proteins in the myocardium, leading to a diffuse infiltrative cardiomyopathy [8…

…increased resistance in the aortic valve itself, due to the reduced area of the valvular orifice. Both aortic stenosis and hypertension result in increased ventricular…

…vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In…

…need investigation on the basis of an isolated, asymptomatic low sensor reading alone. Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due to sympathetic activation: sweating…

…a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In…

…to these articles. ECG examples of each condition are presented below. The ECG in Brugada syndrome Brugada syndrome is a rare channelopathy (an electrical disorder…

…mortality due to stopping statins. There are three main questions discussed in media, blogs and on social plattforms: Is high cholesterol a true cause of…

…follow up and appropriate therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is high, and assessment for advanced therapies…