…and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners…

…sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the…

…autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their…

…waves are tall and narrow at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave…

…a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional stress. By the age of 60…

…used in combination with meprobamate for the treatment of sleep disorders. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Aceprometazine+AND+(%22QT%22+OR…

…is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body…

…and the maximum tolerated exercise time. Chronic limb threatening ischaemia CLTI occurs when resting perfusion is insufficient to meet the basal nutritional requirements of tissue…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…stenting or other procedural intervention. The clinical importance of the finding is related to the extent of myocardium at risk. Occlusion or impaired perfusion in…

…A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most…

…normally need investigation on the basis of an isolated, asymptomatic low sensor reading alone. Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due to sympathetic activation:…

…airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are appropriate. Exercise PH is defined by an mPAP…

…continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal benefits relevant to clinical cardiology include: Clinical…

…level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the…

…imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported in fewer than one third of cases in the pregnancy related source…

…Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may…

…in the past decade. A quick search (on Google) for anything related to statins, LDL cholesterol and dietary fat returns thousands of blogs and media…

…and aortic stenosis is also more common than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (especially among elderly). Patient characteristics and the degree of hypertrophy can be used to distinguish…

…and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar proteins in the myocardium, leading to…

…remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure…

…been able to demonstrate that the repolarization is actually early and, moreover, this condition is associated with five times as great a risk of sudden…

…Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium levels. Brugada…

…Arrhythmias and ECG changes Cardiac arrest Treatment Furosemide 1 mg/kg IV. Hydrocortisone 300 mg IV. Pamidronate 30 90 mg IV. Causal treatment of the…

…of myocardial infarction The Fourth Universal Definition separates MI into five principal types. Type Mechanism or setting Type 1 Acute atherothrombotic MI, usually related to…

…in the pericardial space. It can be caused by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased…

…cause of failure to capture is insufficient stimulus energy. Modern pacemakers have built in functions to calibrate the stimulus amplitude and width according to myocardial…

…100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical spectrum ranges from hypertension without apparent organ injury to severe multisystem…

…establish: Quality of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern. Duration and recurrence. Provoking and relieving factors. Associated symptoms. Similarity to previous documented…

…a wide range of conditions, particularly acute myocardial ischemia. Because the ST segment and the T wave are electrophysiologically related, changes in the ST segment…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…due to complications related to his arrhythmia. His father and uncle, with similar ST segment changes, were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation in their 60s. The…

…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

…or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction system occurs more often than…

…secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate; QT duration increases at slow heart rates and vice versa . Hence, the…

…it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR…

…impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…at least in part, the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can…

…to a high rate of relapse, underscoring the mandate that HFrEF pharmacotherapy must be continued indefinitely even after LVEF normalization. Epidemiology and risk factors The…

…revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders. The investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to…

…when identified as the final diagnosis. Reported prevalence varies according to the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations…

…without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states. EAT typically has an…

…focus arises in or near the bundle of His, the impulse may be delivered to both bundle branches and subsequently the entire ventricular myocardium normally…

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

…that lead to death if cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not started immediately. Ventricular fibrillation is the result of numerous re entry circuits , causing rapid and chaotic…

…thickness, early plaque formation and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Women with RA were reported to have approximately twice the myocardial infarction risk of age matched controls…

…Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators…

…of obesity rises. Nevertheless, BMI alone does not define an individual’s cardiovascular risk. Cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal muscle mass and the distribution of adipose tissue…

…oedema Symptoms related to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening heart…