…is important because it maximizes the contact surface between the transducer and the skin. Generous use of gel is recommended. In addition to the gel…

…sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the…

…autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their…

…there is a correlation between the severity of electrolyte imbalance and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia)…

…a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional stress. By the age of 60…

…used in combination with meprobamate for the treatment of sleep disorders. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Aceprometazine+AND+(%22QT%22+OR…

…is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body…

…and the maximum tolerated exercise time. Chronic limb threatening ischaemia CLTI occurs when resting perfusion is insufficient to meet the basal nutritional requirements of tissue…

…vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory cell entry into the intima, and thrombus formation. Atherosclerosis is therefore not simply a disorder of lipid storage. Its…

…and Pathophysiology No reflow is impaired anterograde myocardial perfusion despite the absence of a flow limiting epicardial coronary stenosis. It is therefore a disorder of…

…A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most…

…reduced level of consciousness, is having seizures or cannot swallow. 5. If there is no intravenous access, give glucagon and establish access at the same…

…airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are appropriate. Exercise PH is defined by an mPAP…

…modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess ischaemic…

…level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the…

…Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of…

…are characteristic clinical manifestations of untreated FH and may develop when the disorder is not recognized early in life. Corneal arcus and xanthelasma can also…

…FH). Heterozygous FH results in high LDL cholesterol levels (but nothing else) and increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction by more than 50 times…

…Epidemiological aspects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is equally common among men and women. The prevalence in a Western population is approximately 0.2…

…and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the…

…Cardiac Amyloidosis Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar proteins in the myocardium…

…remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure…

…Brugada syndrome and hypercalcemia are discussed separately. Please refer to these articles. ECG examples of each condition are presented below. The ECG in Brugada syndrome…

…highly malignant disorder that must be recognized by any health care provider. A family history of any of the above listed symptoms and manifestations must…

…Arrhythmias and ECG changes Cardiac arrest Treatment Furosemide 1 mg/kg IV. Hydrocortisone 300 mg IV. Pamidronate 30 90 mg IV. Causal treatment of the…

…they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis. Type 1 myocardial infarction Definition and pathophysiology Type 1 MI results…

…local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…is the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia…

…Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited…

…after the J point ( Comprehensive Electrocardiology, MacFarlane et al, Springer, 2010; Chou's Electrocardiologi, Surawicz, Elsevier 2010 ). At the time of J 60 and J…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…from sudden cardiac death. Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the fifth decade of life in several family members. Imaging studies did not…

…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

…myocardial contractility and cause ventricular fibrosis, thereby increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with bradycardia or intermittent conduction disorders frequently…

…electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate; QT duration increases at slow heart rates and vice versa . Hence, the QT duration must…

…Reliance on hypokalaemia alone therefore misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important…

…impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some form of statin therapy after systematic reassessment and rechallenge. The principal manifestation is statin associated muscle symptoms …

…Non ischemic etiologies encompass a highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded…

…the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders. The…

…are not apparent on conventional angiography. Coronary vasomotor disorders may involve epicardial spasm or abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation. Microvascular angina reflects myocardial ischaemia caused…

…without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states. EAT typically has an…

…side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100 beats per minute) is on a par with the rate in…

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

…Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation, in any situation. ECG features of ventricular fibrillation The ECG shows…

…mixed connective tissue disease, myositis, Sjögren syndrome, gout and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Collectively, these disorders are associated with excess cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the cardiovascular…

…microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses and potentially…

…of obesity rises. Nevertheless, BMI alone does not define an individual’s cardiovascular risk. Cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal muscle mass and the distribution of adipose tissue…

…LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical signs, and an LVEF below 40%…