…prolonged alcohol exposure the nervous system adapts through reduced GABA mediated inhibition and increased glutamatergic activity. When the alcohol level suddenly falls, the compensatory excitation…

…a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional stress. By the age of 60…

…therefore does not normally need investigation on the basis of an isolated, asymptomatic low sensor reading alone. Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due…

…suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses…

…of serious arrhythmias. This is possible because there is a correlation between the severity of electrolyte imbalance and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders…

…with neuroleptic and anti histamine properties. Sleep disorder Aceprometazine is often used in combination with meprobamate for the treatment of sleep disorders. <a href="http:/…

…is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body…

…adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have…

…therefore not simply a disorder of lipid storage. Its biology includes: accumulation and modification of lipids within the intima; recruitment of innate and adaptive inflammatory…

…despite the absence of a flow limiting epicardial coronary stenosis. It is therefore a disorder of coronary microvascular perfusion rather than persistent obstruction of the…