…autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their…

…is a correlation between the severity of electrolyte imbalance and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying…

…form of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional…

…in combination with meprobamate for the treatment of sleep disorders. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Aceprometazine+AND+(%22QT%22+OR+Torsad…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic…

…vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory cell entry into the intima, and thrombus formation. Atherosclerosis is therefore not simply a disorder of lipid storage. Its…

…and Pathophysiology No reflow is impaired anterograde myocardial perfusion despite the absence of a flow limiting epicardial coronary stenosis. It is therefore a disorder of…

…Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal and the risk of seizures and…

…Differentiating ATTR and AL Cardiac Amyloidosis Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar…

…Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of…

…ventricular myocardium varies. Septal hypertrophy, apical hypertrophy and hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall are common. General hypertrophy is less common. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes…

…hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting…

…five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit is greater still when reductions in non cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are…

…Abnormal A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates…

…a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes…

…remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure…

…is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body…

…highly malignant disorder that must be recognized by any health care provider. A family history of any of the above listed symptoms and manifestations must…

…tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical ECG changes: Shortened QT interval. Attenuated T wave…

…an electrical disorder caused by mutations in cardiac ion channels) which predisposes the individual to syncope, ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and sudden cardiac…

…cause of coronary artery disease? First of all, don't confuse various lipids, since they are extremely different with regards to their effects and hazards…

…disorders, but it may also arise de novo after delivery. New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of glycogen…

…and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…involvement, and atrioventricular block (AVB) may indicate septal involvement in the inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents can induce bradycardia or conduction disorders…

…it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR…

…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

…mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to…

…the first sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and…

…acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate; QT duration increases at slow heart rates and vice versa . Hence…

…Non ischemic etiologies encompass a highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded…

…Lange Nielsen F. Congenital deaf mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957;54:59…

…captured by conventional risk scores and may be the first clinically important manifestation of an otherwise unrecognized inflammatory disease. Epidemiology and disease specific patterns Patients…

…respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular burden. Obesity may be a particularly important cause of HF…

…Elsevier 2010 ). At the time of J 60 and J 80, there is minimal chance that there are any electrical potential differences in the myocardium…

…without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states. EAT typically has an…

…Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation, in any situation. ECG features of ventricular fibrillation The ECG shows…

…after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100…

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

…Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant…

…injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin…

…Assessing the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders…

…microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses and potentially…

…and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can reveal lesions that are not apparent on conventional angiography. Coronary vasomotor disorders may involve epicardial spasm or abnormalities of…

…HFrEF. Clinical evaluation should define: The severity of symptoms and functional limitation. Evidence of congestion or fluid retention. The presence of precipitating or aggravating conditions…