…nervous system activity Improvement in cardiac metabolic efficiency, including increased oxygen delivery and beta hydroxybutyrate oxidation Reduced sodium hydrogen exchanger subtype 3 activity Attenuation of…

…Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea…

…in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and…

…factors. The emergence of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation is, therefore, the result of a perfect storm scenario , where ischemia, hemodynamics, the autonomous nervous system…

…myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure. General hypoxia. Autonomic nervous system Neurocardiogenic syncope…

…tremens the aim should be a calm, mildly somnolent but rousable patient, while ventilation, circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated…

…Beyond its direct cellular actions, digoxin exerts significant systemic effects via the autonomic nervous system. It attenuates carotid sinus baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and…

…patients with cardiovascular disease. The highest mortality rate was observed in patients with elevated TnT levels who had underlying cardiovascular disease, of which 69.4…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…pediatric and neonatal care must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children…

…arrest is the mechanism of death for most diseases and conditions, including non cardiovascular conditions. A cardiac arrest can be expected or unexpected. The most…

…pediatric and neonatal care must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children…

…abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea Fertility therapy and assisted reproductive technology The extent to which these conditions confer risk independently of…

…rheumatic diseases Ehlers Danlos syndrome (may also cause aortic dissection) Subaortic membrane Endocarditis Echocardiography in aortic regurgitation 2D Echocardiography The images are acquired in PLAX…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature atherosclerosis is particularly strong…

…Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO…

…Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon…

…classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF…

…infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability, with resistance problems, or with suspected fungal infection 10 Document the times of triag

…structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters…

…atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably…

…stenoses must be graded in order to optimize management according to disease severity. The most important parameter, for grading of stenoses, is the opening area

…diffuse, leading to underestimation of the overall disease burden. Angiography also provides limited information about plaque composition, vulnerability and the risk of future plaque rupture…

…hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…discomfort) Chest pain during exercise is one of the strongest predictors of coronary artery disease. The severity of the pain may be graded from 0…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…may dominate clinical outcomes and limit tolerance of otherwise evidence based interventions. Hypertension and vascular disease Hypertension is the most common modifiable cardiovascular risk factor…

…directed at identifying individuals at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities…

…of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease…

…emerged for coronary microvascular and vasospastic disease using coronary flow reserve (CFR) and the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). This review synthesizes the physiological basis…

…least 85% of the age adjusted MHR. Heller et al. demonstrated the following, among patients with known coronary artery disease: Achieving 85% of age adjusted…

…risk of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the…

…defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when appropriate, immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Complications…

…involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More…

…a risk of permanent hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound…

…Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD EPI) equation, incorporating relevant demographic variables; cystatin C may also be used as a filtration marker. CKD is one of the…

…clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications. Evaluation and Physical Examination The

…is also influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic influences; sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction through the release of norepinephrine, while parasympathetic activation can cause vasodilation via…

…not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery walls; indeed, atherosclerosis is a disease in which the immune system elicits an…

…coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium by…

…influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease…

…90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe…

…the ECG features suggestive of significant LMCA disease, including acute occlusions, subtotal stenoses, and discusses associated clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies. In the…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment. Testing is therefore not an automatic response to chest pain. It is appropriate when the…

…catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the malformation…

…which illustrates the natural course of coronary artery disease, from risk factors to acute coronary syndromes. It also presents a classification of acute coronary syndromes…

…signs of heart failure Haemodynamic instability Myocardial ischaemic symptoms or electrocardiographic changes Thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke In ACS, AF may be present before the acute…

…heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the…

…Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance The number and severity of obesity related complications generally increase as the degree of obesity rises. Nevertheless…

…the United States. No trends, with regard to age or sex, have been observed in Sweden between 1990 and 2021 ( Rawshani et al ). Incidence of…

…infarction : There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior…

…Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited discriminatory value. Features suggesting myocardial…

…left heart disease in patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and Right Axis Deviation Based on the provided context, the primary…

…since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease…

…stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of low dose colchicine as…