…atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not…

…Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea…

…in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and…

…of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation is, therefore, the result of a perfect storm scenario , where ischemia, hemodynamics, the autonomous nervous system, electrolyte concentrations, and…

…myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure. General hypoxia. Autonomic nervous system Neurocardiogenic syncope…

…tremens the aim should be a calm, mildly somnolent but rousable patient, while ventilation, circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated…

…digoxin exerts significant systemic effects via the autonomic nervous system. It attenuates carotid sinus baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and peripherally to enhance vagal tone…

…troponin T and NT pro BNP may be used as prognostic markers during the disease course. In summary, the risk of severe disease and death…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development…

…arrest is the mechanism of death for most diseases and conditions, including non cardiovascular conditions. A cardiac arrest can be expected or unexpected. The most…

…must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development…

…diabetes and obesity become increasingly prevalent after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death…

…diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation are aortic dissection , endocarditis and trauma …

…does not invariably result in clinical disease. Penetrance is incomplete and age dependent, and the severity and manifestations of disease may differ substantially among carriers…

…may affect the cardiovascular system through several pathways, including: Coronary arteritis Accelerated atherosclerosis Coronary microvascular dysfunction Pericarditis Myocarditis Valvular disease APS and Behçet disease can…

…systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to…

…infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability, with resistance problems, or with suspected fungal infection 10 Document the times of triag

…total and cardiovascular mortality ( Curtis et al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than the…

…disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably. Thrombotic material may embolize distally and…

…stenoses must be graded in order to optimize management according to disease severity. The most important parameter, for grading of stenoses, is the opening area

…diffuse, leading to underestimation of the overall disease burden. Angiography also provides limited information about plaque composition, vulnerability and the risk of future plaque rupture…

…assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or major non cardiac surgery. The vascular…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…Its incidence and prevalence rise steeply with age, reflecting accumulated risk factors, age related reduction in cardiovascular reserve, and the increasing burden of comorbid disease…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…While dyspnea is the cardinal symptom, chest pain can be present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation…

…large outcome trials have clarified, and in some cases substantially narrowed, the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence…

…known coronary artery disease: Achieving 85% of age adjusted MHR resulted in myocardial perfusion defects in all patients,, anginal symptoms in 83%, and ECG changes…

…risk of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the…

…defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when appropriate, immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Complications…

…involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…and spotty calcification. However, the concept has important limitations. Although thin capped fibroatheromas may have imaging characteristics associated with rupture, fewer than 5% of such…

…the free edge of the pinna. Autoimmune disease with Raynaud's phenomenon. Preparation and equipment Liquid nitrogen in a flask (−196 °C) and a cryospray…

…function declines and as albuminuria increases. When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD…

…clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications. Evaluation and Physical Examination The

…intraluminal pressure. Coronary blood flow is also influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic influences; sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction through the release of norepinephrine, while parasympathetic…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium by…

…influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease…

…90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe…

…the ECG features suggestive of significant LMCA disease, including acute occlusions, subtotal stenoses, and discusses associated clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies. In the…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment. Testing is therefore not an automatic response to chest pain. It is appropriate when the…

…catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the malformation…

…1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary artery disease and classification of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG criteria…

…organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients without…

…heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the…

…Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance The number and severity of obesity related complications generally increase as the degree of obesity rises. Nevertheless…

…the United States. No trends, with regard to age or sex, have been observed in Sweden between 1990 and 2021 ( Rawshani et al ). Incidence of…

…infarction : There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior…

…Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited…

…left heart disease in patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and Right Axis Deviation Based on the provided context, the primary…

…since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease…

…Inflammation contributes to atherothrombosis through activation of innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway…