…structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters…

…or saturation below target despite oxygen Severe impairment of gas exchange Hypotension, cool peripheries or rising lactate Circulatory compromise or an alternative diagnosis Silent or…

…since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease…

…care capabilities, including mechanical circulatory support and transplantation, is warranted. Diagnostics Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous…

…congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium and water balance. They can reduce jugular venous…

…The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more…

…symptoms are particularly important because of the increased risk of cerebrovascular complications. Seizures in a patient with preeclampsia indicate eclampsia. Postpartum disease is clinically important…

…disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of…

…Decompensated heart failure – due to the risk of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition…

…is particularly important as a marker of potentially severe disease. The presence of haemodynamic instability places the patient in the high risk category and requires…

…causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease. Moreover, the time limit (1 hour…

…Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma…

…to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying genetic predisposition, structural heart disease…

…patients with cardiovascular disease. The highest mortality rate was observed in patients with elevated TnT levels who had underlying cardiovascular disease, of which 69.4…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…pediatric and neonatal care must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children…

…arrest is the mechanism of death for most diseases and conditions, including non cardiovascular conditions. A cardiac arrest can be expected or unexpected. The most…

…pediatric and neonatal care must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children…

…sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be…

…abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea Fertility therapy and assisted reproductive technology The extent to which these conditions confer risk independently of…

…rheumatic diseases Ehlers Danlos syndrome (may also cause aortic dissection) Subaortic membrane Endocarditis Echocardiography in aortic regurgitation 2D Echocardiography The images are acquired in PLAX…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature atherosclerosis is particularly strong…

…in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and…

…Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO…

…Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon…

…classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF…

…infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability, with resistance problems, or with suspected fungal infection 10 Document the times of triag

…atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably…

…stenoses must be graded in order to optimize management according to disease severity. The most important parameter, for grading of stenoses, is the opening area

…diffuse, leading to underestimation of the overall disease burden. Angiography also provides limited information about plaque composition, vulnerability and the risk of future plaque rupture…

…hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…discomfort) Chest pain during exercise is one of the strongest predictors of coronary artery disease. The severity of the pain may be graded from 0…

…artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity. The hallmark of stable…

…may dominate clinical outcomes and limit tolerance of otherwise evidence based interventions. Hypertension and vascular disease Hypertension is the most common modifiable cardiovascular risk factor…

…directed at identifying individuals at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities…

…of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease…

…approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common. The figure 80…

…emerged for coronary microvascular and vasospastic disease using coronary flow reserve (CFR) and the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). This review synthesizes the physiological basis…

…least 85% of the age adjusted MHR. Heller et al. demonstrated the following, among patients with known coronary artery disease: Achieving 85% of age adjusted…

…chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by…

…involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

…a risk of permanent hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound…

…Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD EPI) equation, incorporating relevant demographic variables; cystatin C may also be used as a filtration marker. CKD is one of the…

…artery bypass grafting (CABG). Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The diagnosis of an acute MI remains a comprehensive clinical diagnosis based on patient symptoms, ECG changes…

…is also influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic influences; sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction through the release of norepinephrine, while parasympathetic activation can cause vasodilation via…

…not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery walls; indeed, atherosclerosis is a disease in which the immune system elicits an…

…coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium by…

…influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease…

…90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe…

…the ECG features suggestive of significant LMCA disease, including acute occlusions, subtotal stenoses, and discusses associated clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies. In the…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment. Testing is therefore not an automatic response to chest pain. It is appropriate when the…

…have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects ( Baumgartner et al ). Approximately 40,000…

…which illustrates the natural course of coronary artery disease, from risk factors to acute coronary syndromes. It also presents a classification of acute coronary syndromes…

…segment depression or T wave inversion can occur without coronary artery disease. Proposed explanations in the source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation…

…heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the…