…structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters…

…or saturation below target despite oxygen Severe impairment of gas exchange Hypotension, cool peripheries or rising lactate Circulatory compromise or an alternative diagnosis Silent or…

…T½ 3 h. 50% renal elimination. • Typically the first choice of drug. • Effective in sinus bradycardia or AV node block. • Dose <0.5 mg may…

…care capabilities, including mechanical circulatory support and transplantation, is warranted. Diagnostics Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous…

…congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium and water balance. They can reduce jugular venous…

…The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more…

…symptoms are particularly important because of the increased risk of cerebrovascular complications. Seizures in a patient with preeclampsia indicate eclampsia. Postpartum disease is clinically important…

…disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of…

…Decompensated heart failure – due to the risk of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition…

…is particularly important as a marker of potentially severe disease. The presence of haemodynamic instability places the patient in the high risk category and requires…