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Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…Give a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other…

Noradrenaline, Dobutamine and Levosimendan: Practical Infusion Use

…through the direct activation of voltage sensitive calcium channels. At lower doses, dobutamine stimulates beta2 and alpha receptors, inducing vasodilation, decreasing aortic impedance and systemic…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…transcatheter intervention, with temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) considered as a bridge. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms of STEMI The usual symptom is severe, prolonged…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…bleeding Renal failure Systemic inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis, tamponade is uncommon when the cause is…

Left Ventricular Function

…structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters…

Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks)

…since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more…

Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders as Future Cardiovascular Risk

…symptoms are particularly important because of the increased risk of cerebrovascular complications. Seizures in a patient with preeclampsia indicate eclampsia. Postpartum disease is clinically important…

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