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Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…pain or paresthesia, while sensory and motor function remain preserved. The duration and progression of symptoms should be documented carefully. Longer standing and more severe…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy…

Deceased donor organ donation

…with time, clarity and respect is also what makes the decision hold afterwards. Organ preserving treatment — treatment given solely for the sake of the donation…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1…

🟠 QTc Interval Calculator (Bazett’s, Fridericia’s, Hodge's and Framingham Formulas)

…Upper limit 440–460 ms 430–450 ms 450–470 ms Prolonged 460 ms 450 ms 470 ms Table 1 . Reference intervals for QTc duration…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…Although both troponin T and I may be chronically elevated in patients with renal failure, this is more pronounced for troponin T ( Seng et al )…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern. Duration and recurrence. Provoking and relieving factors. Associated symptoms. Similarity to previous documented angina or…

Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…or upper back. Chest discomfort triggered by emotional stress. Palpitations associated with physical activity, a large meal, emotional upset, or cold exposure. The absence of…

Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes

…Upper limit 440–460 ms 430–450 ms 450–470 ms Prolonged 460 ms 450 ms 470 ms Table 1 . Reference intervals for QTc duration…

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