…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

…with respect to RVH, because the right ventricle is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with…

…Conventional thoracic X ray sometimes reveals calcification of the pericardium. With MRI or CT, the thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most…

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…

…that the test failed to identify 27.8% of individuals with poor neurological recovery. The specificity of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological…

…lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop…

…syndrome • Bicuspid aortic valve with coarctation or additional risk factors 55 mm (ascending aorta, aortic arch) All individuals 60 mm (descending aorta) All individuals Risk…

…prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and thus regurgitation. Ischemia manifests with…

…with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of…

…are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe regurgitation; the leakage usually ends early…