…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

…clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries…

…from dilating adequately during diastole. This leads to increased and equivalent diastolic pressure in all rooms. Because pressure is high in the atria, filling of…

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…

…light causes rapid bilateral pupillary constriction (a brisk reflex), whereas low light causes dilation. This reflex is highly sensitive to brainstem integrity and cerebral perfusion…

…DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left…

…additional risk factors 55 mm (ascending aorta, aortic arch) All individuals 60 mm (descending aorta) All individuals Risk factors : previous dissection, family history of dissection…

…to dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and the mitral annulus increases), both of…

…ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia) can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor…

…Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation…