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Central venous catheter

…technically more difficult with ultrasound Femoral vein Fastest, and does not interfere with ongoing CPR or airway management, no risk of pneumothorax Highest risk of…

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC, ARVD)

…al). ARVC is more malignant in men, the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…Right ventricular infarction. Ebstein's anomaly (Figure 1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the…

Pulmonary regurgitation

…right ventricular outflow tract) become dilated, which further agravates the regurgitation. The proximal portion of the pulmonary artery may also be dilated in patients with…

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

…size and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or its branches. The larger the thrombus, the more proximal the occlusion…

Mitral valve stenosis

…either LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details, refer to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may…

Tricuspid stenosis

…right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics may be used for…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain…

The QRS complex: ECG features of the Q-wave, R-wave, S-wave & duration

…7 ). The explanation for this is as follows: The vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation…

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