…stroke volume, and subsequently lower blood pressure and reduced organ perfusion. Left ventricular dilation occurs with ensuing decline inleft ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This is…

…heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial…

…Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long…

…or treatment with sodium nitroprusside. In most hypertensive emergencies the following is aimed for: 1. Lower the mean arterial pressure by no more than about…

…10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10…

…pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may…

…pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ damage or failure. Any of the drugs listed below may…

…classified as net positive or net negative, referring to its net direction. The QRS complex is net positive if the sum of the positive areas…

…function and lower QRS amplitudes. Hypertrophy and dilatation may coexist. Moreover, the ECG cannot distinguish whether large QRS amplitudes are due to dilatation or hypertrophy…

…1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time to onset of action 50 to 10 minutes Duration of action 30 to…