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Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…the site, duration and completeness of occlusion and on the adequacy of collateral blood flow. Ischaemia initially produces pain and sensory disturbance. With progression, motor…

Smoking Cessation: Pharmacotherapy and Cardiovascular Benefit

…cessation lowers the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, premature death, recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…and symmetric. Their duration is short; they typically disappear within minutes after a total occlusion in a coronary artery occurs (then of course, the ST…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…with its lower edge about 2 cm above the tip of the malleolus. 3. Dorsalis pedis artery — the signal is sought on the dorsum of…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary trials and observational databases report approximately 5–10%. Only about 10% of patients who develop shock present with it…

Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents: Evolution, Evidence and Stent Choice

…with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery…

Levosimendan (Simdax, Simendan) in acute heart failure

…and (3) modulation of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial potassium ATP channels. Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing…

🟠 Labetalol

…with coronary artery disease since it does not increase heart rate, and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption. Time to onset of action: 5 minutes. Effects Lowers…

🟠 Enalaprilat

Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug…

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