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Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…pain or paresthesia, while sensory and motor function remain preserved. The duration and progression of symptoms should be documented carefully. Longer standing and more severe…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood…

Smoking Cessation: Pharmacotherapy and Cardiovascular Benefit

…attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…abnormal repolarization. These T wave inversions are symmetric with varying depth. They may be gigantic (10 mm or more) or less than 1 mm. Negative…

Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents: Evolution, Evidence and Stent Choice

…with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery…

Levosimendan (Simdax, Simendan) in acute heart failure

…or more frequently, as individually appropriate. 3 Important study: Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock (N Engl J Med 2021…

🟠 Labetalol

…with coronary artery disease since it does not increase heart rate, and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption. Time to onset of action: 5 minutes. Effects Lowers…

🟠 Enalaprilat

Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug…

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