…of the Pupillary Reflex in Cardiac Arrest The pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via…

…lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop…

…factors • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome. 50 mm • Marfan syndrome • Bicuspid aortic valve with coarctation or additional risk factors 55…

…with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or…

…with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of…

…patients with pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography in pulmonary regurgitation Echocardiography is the modality of choice for diagnosing pulmonary regurgitation. Continuous Doppler through the pulmonary valve reveals…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. The diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or…

…valve disease, which results in changes in the pressure volume relationships in the ventricle and the atrium. Pressure and/or volume overload causes dilation of…

…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…