…light causes rapid bilateral pupillary constriction (a brisk reflex), whereas low light causes dilation. This reflex is highly sensitive to brainstem integrity and cerebral perfusion…

…DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…mitral valve Acute mitral regurgitation Acute mitral regurgitation is relatively rare. The most common causes are as follows: Endocarditis Papillary muscle rupture (complication of acute…

…ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia) can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor…

…Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation…

…Time to onset of action 5 to 15 minutes Duration of action 1.5 to 5 hours Delivery IV Dose 5–15 mg/hour IV…

…and the arrhythmia itself. This remodeling manifests as interstitial fibrosis, atrial dilation, and endocardial denudation, which collectively promote local inflammation and create a highly prothrombotic…

…valve disease, which results in changes in the pressure volume relationships in the ventricle and the atrium. Pressure and/or volume overload causes dilation of…

…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…