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Mitral valve stenosis

…LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details, refer to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may cause…

Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) that cannot be controlled despite escalation of antianginal medical therapy, coronary artery bypass grafting…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…in arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary…

Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

…nearby arteries to grow new vessels into the ischemic zone. Newly formed vessels, which may originate from other branches of the same coronary artery or…

Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain…

Left Ventricular Function

…and prognosis of most cardiac diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock, serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…and symmetric. Their duration is short; they typically disappear within minutes after a total occlusion in a coronary artery occurs (then of course, the ST…

Fascicular block (hemiblock): Left anterior & left posterior fascicular block

…in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy…

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…obstruction) of the left main coronary artery (LAD) or 2 epicardial coronary arteries (Felker et al). Left ventricular dilation entails a markedly elevated risk of…

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