…flow across the mitral valve. The duration of diastasis is inversely related to heart rate (diastasis is shorter at higher heart rates and vice versa ).

…mm (ascending aorta, aortic arch) All individuals 60 mm (descending aorta) All individuals Risk factors : previous dissection, family history of dissection, severe aortic regurgitation or…

…0.1 mV in 2 or more contiguous leads of the 12 lead ECG, excluding leads V1 to V3. 3. QRS duration is <120 ms…

…of the Pupillary Reflex in Cardiac Arrest The pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via…

…lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop…

…with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or…

…with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of…

…are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe regurgitation; the leakage usually ends early…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. The diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or…