…presenting with the syndrome. Its severity and temporal pattern vary considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion include: Peripheral edema Rapid weight gain Increasing abdominal girth…

…risk factors or an elevated estimated risk. It combines lifestyle intervention with treatment of risk factors when indicated. Risk estimation is particularly important when deciding…

…severity of electrolyte disturbances, particularly before laboratory results are available. Notably: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia…

…according to the local protocol. Tapering after pharmacological treatment Duration and dose Risk of HPA suppression Tapering : : : < 3 weeks, at any dose Low Can…

…that the test failed to identify 27.8% of individuals with poor neurological recovery. The specificity of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological…

…lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and thus regurgitation. Ischemia manifests with…

…with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of…

…are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe regurgitation; the leakage usually ends early…