…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…

…produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with recovery generally occurring within one week. By contrast…

…arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous…

…for an incompletely performed drainage. Procedure 1. Locate the centre of the fluctuance, preferably with ultrasound if available. Mark the direction of the incision. 2…

…decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish…

…15%–20%, substantially exceeding those seen with native vessel PCI. Mechanisms The principal mechanism is distal embolization of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus…

…Abrupt loss of flow may cause rapid deterioration when a large myocardial territory is jeopardized. Cardiovascular collapse after failed PCI is more likely with extensive…

…2%–24% of patients with CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease…

…form of statin therapy after systematic reassessment and rechallenge. The principal manifestation is statin associated muscle symptoms (SAMS). These range from diffuse myalgia with a…

…requirement for antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity…

…with distinct characteristics compared to transmural ischemia [4, 5]. Acute Pericarditis vs. Acute Myocardial Infarction The ST segment elevation in acute pericarditis is typically diffuse…

…or diffuse epicardial disease. Concordantly normal FFR and CFR are associated with an excellent prognosis, whereas discordant measurements require interpretation in the context of the…

…Ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) denotes the subgroup in whom objective myocardial ischaemia is demonstrated. ANOCA may occur in up to 70% of…

…it requires a normally perfused reference territory. In diffuse coronary disease, balanced multivessel disease, or global impairment of microvascular vasodilation, regional differences may be underestimated…

…1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The classic appearance and usually readily recognized Type 2 Long, smooth, diffuse…

…In developed nations, the prevalence of HF is approximately 1–2% in the general adult population, but this figure rises steeply with age, exceeding 10…

…successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease…

…can move from areas of higher concentration to regions with lower concentration, for reasons other than perfusion differences, making image interpretation more ambiguous. Table 1…