Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…alter the local vascular environment. The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than merely a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and…

…rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body…

…dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has improved procedural safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of lesions amenable to PCI. Stent selection must…

…clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It differs from primordial prevention, which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular…

…examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development…

…the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a risk factor. Rationale for the development of CHA₂DS₂ VA The CHA₂DS₂ VASc…

…arrhythmia, the sustenance of a previously non sustained arrhythmia, or the development of an entirely new arrhythmia. Electrophysiologic mechanisms of proarrhythmia include prolongation of repolarisation…

…wave inversions and often by the development of Q waves in the same lead distribution [15]. Differential Diagnosis of ST Elevation Several nonischemic conditions can…

…relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is less clearly defined, although triglycerides may contribute to the development and progression of aortic pathology. Severe HTG…

…and anatomical development during infancy & childhood In adults, the left ventricle is considerably larger than the right ventricle. This is the result of ventricular adaptation…

…At least one of the following provides the required evidence of ischaemia: Symptoms compatible with myocardial ischaemia New ischaemic ECG changes Development of pathological Q…

…not prevent the development of new proximal atherosclerosis. The choice between procedures therefore depends on the balance between: Anatomical completeness and complexity of revascularization Expected…

…acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia. This condition is potentially fatal and necessitates prompt intervention, including sedation and the administration of Dantrolene. References DeBehnke…

…article will deal with the physiology of exercise and emphasis will be placed on myocardial oxygen consumption and the development of myocardial ischemia during exercise…

…strongly related to the development of hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and high prevalence of hypertension that is…

…and anatomical development during infancy & childhood In adults, the left ventricle is considerably larger than the right ventricle. This is the result of ventricular adaptation…

…the ventricles directly. These pathways are termed accessory pathways (or bundle of Kent ). They are remnants of the embryological development of the heart. Accessory pathways…

…article. A rehearsal follows. Reversible causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (development of fibrosis) of the sinoatrial node. Myocardial ischemia/infarction. Perimyocarditis…

…For instance, an increase in left atrial size or the development of NSVT may warrant closer surveillance or a reassessment of treatment strategies. References O…

…development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass. Initially, myocardial abnormalities may be subclinical. Progressive dilation can subsequently impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of…

…population. AF can act as a trigger for atrial flutter, and the development of AF is common following the successful ablation of typical flutter. Furthermore…

…composite of cardiovascular death, non fatal myocardial infarction and non fatal stroke. The clinical development of canakinumab for this indication did not continue because of…

…the strongest predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease after accounting for age. Chronotropic response, blood pressure behaviour and the development of arrhythmias provide…

…including abnormalities of LV relaxation and filling. Hypertension and diabetes can contribute to the development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF…

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…biomarker evidence of myocardial necrosis, or severe ischaemia on stress testing. Such developments may convert an initially selective or delayed approach into an indication for…

…septal rupture VSR typically causes: Recurrent chest pain. Dyspnoea. Hypotension. Rapid development of biventricular failure. Pulmonary oedema. Cardiogenic shock. The shunt may initially be tolerated…

…infarction are no longer considered reliable descriptors of pathological extent. Magnetic resonance imaging findings indicate that Q wave development relates more closely to infarct volume…

…Thus, chronic aortic regurgitation gradually leads to impaired contractile function and the development of myocardial fibrosis. Contractile dysfunction further aggravates the regurgitation (the regurgitation volume…

…Similarly, the development of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been extremely valuable. Echocardiography is used to assess the morphology of valves, the presence of vegetations, hemodynamic…

…this is highly relevant is that the identification of a protective factor could guide the development of a pharmacological agent that can alleviate ischemia by…

…medication. It should be noted that the development of AV block upon instigation of beta blockers suggests concealed conduction disturbance in the AV system. Thus…

…complexes are indications of previous myocardial infarction. There are imaging studies demonstrating that QRS fragmentation is more common than the development of pathological Q waves…

…the entire electrocardiographic (ECG) development in STE ACS/STEMI. Note that a patient with STEMI may present during any of the phases illustrated in this…

…traditional presentation of the ECG leads is not particularly helpful. Presentation of leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF actually reflects their historical development…