Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…alter the local vascular environment. The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than merely a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and…

…rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body…

…dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has improved procedural safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of lesions amenable to PCI. Stent selection must…

…clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It differs from primordial prevention, which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular…

…examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development…

…the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a risk factor. Rationale for the development of CHA₂DS₂ VA The CHA₂DS₂ VASc…

…arrhythmia, the sustenance of a previously non sustained arrhythmia, or the development of an entirely new arrhythmia. Electrophysiologic mechanisms of proarrhythmia include prolongation of repolarisation…