…due to stopping statins. There are three main questions discussed in media, blogs and on social plattforms: Is high cholesterol a true cause of coronary…

…of the coronary artery wall with accumulation of blood within the false lumen, which compresses the true lumen to varying degrees; this non atherosclerotic condition…

…This may be due to the following: Atherosclerosis is generally less severe in women. Women tend to have more difficulties reaching their maximal heart rate…

…underlying etiology is hypertension. Ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral artery is occluded due to local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of…

…The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow. Acute coronary syndromes are subdivided into STE ACS and…

…is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque…

…a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early clinical descriptions emerged at the dawn of the 20th century, widespread acceptance was delayed, partly due to…

…sudden cardiac arrest have ventricular fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause…

…infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes have important inflammatory components. Inflammation contributes to atherothrombosis through activation of innate immune pathways…

…CAD) and coronary artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease…

…coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…the patient most likely to benefit from intervention. Conversely, apparently mild lesions may rupture and precipitate myocardial infarction or sudden death. Coronary anatomy must therefore…

…CAD) and coronary artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease…

…lower five year survival than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and angina related health status but does not reverse coronary atherosclerosis…

…or diffuse disease Type 3 Focal or tubular stenosis resembling atherosclerosis Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1…

…supplied by the atherosclerotic artery. Whenever oxygen demand exceeds oxygen (blood) delivery ischemia occurs and this manifests with chest discomfort referred to as angina pectoris…

…atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized. There are no absolute contraindications to coronary…

…visible lesion of atherosclerosis: the fatty streak [5] . Ruptured atherosclerotic lesion with atherotrombosis. Over decades, the lesion progresses from a simple fatty streak to a…

…these lesions, a process known as atherothrombosis [2] . Atherothrombosis represents the acute, life threatening complication of coronary atherosclerosis. The transition from a quiescent plaque to…

…pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute coronary syndromes are commonly related to atherothrombotic events…

…In diabetes, carotid plaque prevalence correlates linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is…

…Symptoms Symptoms may resemble those of obstructive epicardial coronary disease or vasospastic angina. The clinical presentation is not sufficiently specific to identify the underlying mechanism…

…premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical…

…cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude of LDL C reduction varies according to the statin…

…In ANOCA/INOCA, coronary atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and distinct coronary functional abnormalities may produce ischaemia without an obstructive epicardial lesion. Once conventional anti ischaemic targets…

…and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial…

…After acute coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic…

…cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and approximately doubles cardiovascular risk on average. Its cardiovascular manifestations include atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction…

…to assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional perfusion imaging primarily identifies haemodynamically important disease. Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis…

…pathways, including: Coronary arteritis Accelerated atherosclerosis Coronary microvascular dysfunction Pericarditis Myocarditis Valvular disease APS and Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In…

…propelled by a biologically active process. Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…increased vascular stiffness, impaired coronary circulation, vascular calcification and myocardial fibrosis further accelerate cardiovascular and renal injury. Adipokine imbalance contributes to insulin resistance, β cell…

…older adults. It contributes to vascular injury, accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is…

…commonly related to the left atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in…

…oxygen demand) in order to provoke ischemia in myocardium supplied by atherosclerotic arteries. This engenders the typical ECG changes as well. In acute coronary syndromes…

…an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic lamina into the media. The lesion may produce a localized medial haematoma and can progress to…

…Data from the TRED HF trial demonstrated that withdrawal of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) in these patients leads to a high rate of relapse…

…biomarker of coronary atherosclerotic burden rather than as a direct measure of luminal obstruction. Calcified plaque is generally less likely to rupture than non calcified…

…rate Adequate breath holding ECG synchronised acquisition Appropriate intravenous iodinated contrast timing Sublingual nitroglycerin immediately before contrast administration to enlarge the coronary lumen Contemporary scanners…

…an atherosclerotic lesion, but it may cause local coronary injury over time. Atherosclerotic disease appears more likely to develop in the arterial segment proximal to…

…clinically silent. The underlying coronary disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but…

…to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary…

…angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography may fail to demonstrate plaque…

…to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic…

…coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation, recurrent coronary…

…the estimated likelihood of atherosclerotic obstructive CAD. CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may…

…low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic blood interact to initiate and extend thrombosis…

…only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI…

…a detailed symptom to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent, particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other…

…muscle sensitivity to calcium by inhibiting myosin phosphatase activity. Patients with VA are generally younger than those with atherosclerotic non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes…

…aspects similar to acute coronary syndromes. An acute coronary syndrome is the result of a perfect storm scenario, where disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque coincides…

…Assessment of response to selected medical, revascularization, rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The test does not define the structure or composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque…

…synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use…

…for high risk patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease. Chronic coronary syndrome Patients with chronic coronary syndrome are considered to be at very high cardiovascular…

…pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular…

…acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid lowering therapy may leave patients exposed to avoidable…

…with coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring used when treatment decisions remain uncertain. Secondary prevention Individuals with established clinical ASCVD require LDL C lowering to reduce…